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Petroleum is the general term for all the natural hydrocarbons found in rocks. It consists of an extremely complex mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons generally accompanied by small quantities of related compounds containing Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Oxygen. Crude oil in which these hydrocarbons predominate has a paraffin base. The […]
The morphological characteristics are very useful to taxonomists for the diagnosis and classification of plants. With the progress of scientific research, it becomes clear that only the morphological characteristics are not sufficient enough as the data of studies of other branches of botany have considerable value to assess the proper systematic status and phylogeny of
Roots of most terrestrial plants form a symbiotic relationship with fugal form, these ubiquitous symbioses are popularly known as Mycorrhizal association or Mycorrhiza. About 90%of land plants show symbiotic arrangements with beneficial performance and have been around for approximately 400 million years. Introduction Roots of most terrestrial plants form a symbiotic relationship with fungi, this
The term Transgenic plants refer to those plants which are developed by modern genetic engineering processes. An integrated application of rDNA technology, gene transfer methods and tissue culture techniques have been made in the development of transgenic plants. This means that more than one gene is introduced and combined with the genetic material of the
Lichens are a small group of plants of composite nature, consisting of two dissimilar organisms, an alga-phycobiont (mykos- fungus, bios- life) and a fungus-mycobiont (mykes-fungus, bios-life), living in a symbiotic association. Generally, fungal partners cover mostly portion and developed their own reproductive structures. Algal partner produced food through photosynthesis. Important characteristics of Lichens Lichens formed
Dispersal is the phenomenon of transferring Plant parts from one place to another. Dispersal of fruits and seeds are a very common feature in angiosperms which have great importance in their life process because of the following facts. If all the fruits and seeds fall under the parent plant, all may not be able to
Plasticity and Totipotency There are two concepts, plasticity and Totipotency that are important aspects of understanding plant cell culture and regeneration. Plants have sessile nature and a long life span, thus they develop a greater ability to endure extreme conditions and predation than have animals. Hence, they develop various processes related to their growth and
Biotechnology is a set of modern techniques that used to be living beings or organisms for specific needs and opportunities. This entire field is the source of producing new products in a larger faster way, deviating from the conventional way of doing the same. A Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky in 1917 at first introduced the
The series of events in a eukaryotic cell between one cell division and the next division is called as Cell division cycle. Thus, it is the process by which a fertilized egg develops into a mature organism and the process by which different types of cells and some internal organs are renewed. The cycle derived
Chromosomes are the principal component of the nucleus of higher plants. It contains genes that are arranged in a linear order and maintain hereditary stability. In the cell, the chromosome morphology looks like a coiled thread structure when nuclear division is started and becomes condensed at later stages. brief History of chromosome