For several centuries the names of plants appeared as polynomials – which may be difficult to remember. Casper Bauhin at first in 1653 introduced Binomial Nomenclature, in which the scientific name of species consists of two parts, firstly the generic epithet and secondly the specific epithet.
Ex – Scientific name of onion, Allium cepa where Allium for generic epithet and cepa for specific epithet.
Later, Carolus Linnaeus established this naming system more firmly in his writing the Species Plantarum (1753). The early rules of nomenclature described by Linnaeus in his Critica botanica (1737) and further amplified in Philosophica Botanica (1751).
Alphonse de Candolle, who first organized a seminar for the development of uniform botanical nomenclature and there he circulated a copy of his manuscript Lois de la nomenclature Botanique.
There, a truly International code evolved, accepting the concept of type method, rejecting the concept of tautonyms, making Latin diagnosis mandatory for new groups.
Publication of botanical code based on the realization that botany requires a precise and simple system of nomenclature used by botanists in all countries. The ultimate aim of this process is the arrangement of a stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding and rejecting the use of names which may cause an error. Preamble highlights the philosophy of the botanical code.
The code is divided into 3 divisions.
The names of different taxonomic groups are based on the type method, by which a certain representative of this group is the source of the name for the group. This representative is called the nomenclatural type and methodology called typification.
The botanical code recognizes several kinds of type, depending upon the way in which a type specimen is selected. These include –
For a name to be complete, accurate it should be accompanied by the name of the author or authors who first published the name validly. The names of the are commonly abbreviated.
e.g. L. for Carolus Linnaeus,
Benth. for H. Bentham,
Hook. for William Hooker,
Br. for Robert Brown,
Lam. for Lamarck,
DC. for A. P. de Candolle,
BWall. for Wallich,
Pers. for C. H. Persoon,
Scop. for G. A. Scopoli,
The name of a single author follows the name of a species when a single proposed a new name.
e.g. Solanum nigrum L.
When two or more author’s names may be associated with a scientific name for a variety of reasons. These different situations are exhibited by citing the name of the authors differently:
e.g. Delphinium viscosum Hook.f. et Thomson.
e.g. Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. based on the basionym Panicum dactylon Linn., the original name of the species.
e.g. Cerasus cornuta Wall. ex Royle.
e.g. Carex kashmirensis Clarke in Hook.f. This scientific name was published in the Flora of British India, by Clarke but this book’s author was Sir J. D. Hooker.
e.g. Phyllanthus Linn. emend. Mull.
e.g. For this scientific name, Lupinus [Tourne] L., generic name Lupinus was effectively published in 1719 means earlier than 1753, the starting date for botanical nomenclature based on Species Plantarum of Linnaeus.
For a name to be complete, accurate it should be accompanied by the name of the author or authors who first published the name validly.
The name of a single author follows the name of a species when a single proposed a new name.
When two or more author’s names may be associated with a scientific name for a variety of reasons. These different situations are exhibited by citing the name of the authors differently.
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